2. Holographic optical elements (HOEs, volume gratings): All that HOEs including (i) theoretical analyses (analytical Fourier optic analyses & numerical calculations) (ii) holographic inscriptions/printing of various optical elements (lens, prisms, and data storages)(iii) advanced materials synthesis.
Why HOEs? there's a vast variety of fields, which can significantly benefit from HOEs (i.e., displays, spectroscopy, microscopy, micro/nano-optical components, AR/VR, holography, solar-energy devices, and so on).
A representative example is the AR/VR display evolution by using HOEs (more thin and lightweight VR glasses), which was reported by Meta Reality Lab (Facebook Reality Lab): ACM Trans. Graph. vol 39, No. 4, Article 67 (July 2020)